What is the last phase in the cancer development process?

The last phase in the cancer development process is progression. This phase is characterized by the continued growth and spread of cancer cells, often leading to metastasis, where cancer cells invade other tissues and organs. During progression, the tumor may acquire more aggressive characteristics, enhancing its potential to grow uncontrollably and resist treatment.

Understanding this phase is crucial for healthcare professionals, as it significantly impacts treatment decisions and prognosis. Recognizing the signs of progression can lead to more timely interventions, potentially improving patient outcomes. In contrast, the other options—execution, projection, and promulgation—do not represent recognized stages in the cancer development process, making progression the clear choice in this context.