What does the term "false positive" refer to in mammography?

The term "false positive" in the context of mammography refers specifically to a situation where the test indicates an abnormality that is not associated with cancer. In mammographic screenings, a false positive result can occur when the images suggest that there may be malignant findings—such as a suspicious mass or microcalcifications—leading to further investigation or intervention, such as biopsies, which turn out negative for cancer.

This terminology is crucial in understanding the challenges and limitations of mammography as a screening tool. A false positive can cause significant anxiety for patients, unnecessary medical procedures, and additional healthcare costs. It is important for healthcare providers and patients alike to be aware of the possibility of false positives when interpreting mammography results, while also considering the balance between sensitivity (the ability to correctly identify cancer) and specificity (the ability to correctly identify when cancer is not present). This understanding aids in better decision-making when screening and follow-up actions are planned.